Organic Chemistry Tips

Organic Chemistry Guide

Saturday, February 6, 2016

Alkane Preparation

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1. Chlemenson Reduction (Aldehyde/Ketone)



  • Formaldehyde gives methane.

  • This reaction can be used to attach 2D or 2H atoms.

  • Instead of c.HCl, if c. DCl is used it can obtain 2D (Deuterium) atoms.

  • 2D atoms in a molecule shows it has undergone Chlemenson reduction.



2. Catalytic Hydrogenation (Alkenes/Alkynes)


3. Hydrolysis of Grinard Reagent


eg. a)

   b)

Friday, February 5, 2016

Isomerism

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isomerism

  • Structural Isomerism

a. Chain isomerism :- same molecular formula but different arrangements.
b. Position isomerism :- same molecular formula, same functional groups but in different positions.
c. Functional group isomerism :- same molecular formula, but different functional groups.




  • Stereo-Isomerism

a. Diastereomerism (Geometrical) :- Arising of 2 different isomers because of σ bond cannot rotate about its axis (existence of the π electron cloud).

cis trans


  • Trans isomer is more stable than the cis isomer. As trans has low steric hindrance and 0 dipole moment.
Dipole moment



b. Enantiomerism (Optical) :- 4 different groups attached to the same carbon atom. Arising of 2 different isomers as one doesn’t superimpose with its mirror image. It and its non- Superimposable mirror image are the Enantiomers.

enantiomers


chiral carbon



  • Enantiomers are identified by sending plane polarized light. It and its non-superimposable mirror image rotate in 2 opposite directions.(clockwise & anti-clockwise)

Friday, January 22, 2016

Contents of Organic Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry
Contents of Organic Chemistry

Contents of Organic Chemistry 

  1. Isomerism 
  2. Alkanes 
  3. Alkenes 
  4. Alkynes 
  5. Benzene 
  6. Alkyl Halide 
  7. Alcohols 
  8. Phenols 
  9. Aldehydes & Ketones 
  10. Carboxylic Acids 
  11. Acid Chlorides 
  12. Esters 
  13. Amides 
  14. Amines 
  15. Aniline 
  16. Diazonium Chloride